Hydrated protons at the surface of water ice are of fundamental importance in a variety of physicochemical phenomena on earth and in the universe. Hydrated protons can be introduced by the ...

The splitting of water molecules into protons and hydroxide ions, and their recombination, occurs by proton transfer along hydrogen-bond wires. Now, first principle simulations of the recombination ...

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

Water ice is one of the most abundant solid substances in nature and hydrated protons on the ice surfaces critically influence physical and chemical properties of ices. Hydrated protons are easily ...