Spin ices such as Ho 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 are almost ideal ice-type or 16-vertex model magnets, embellished by dipole–dipole interactions 5,6,7,8,9,10,11. These long-range interactions are ...

This is typically the first topic in the second semester of introductory physics - the interaction between objects with electric charge. There are 4 fundamental forces that physics typically looks at: ...

The physics of itinerant electrons in condensed matter is by and large governed by repulsive Coulomb forces. However, attractive interactions may emerge and prevail in determining the ground state ...